Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Library Learning Activities BIO 107 (ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY) Article

Essays on Simulating the Decentralized Processes of the Human Immune System in a Virtual Anatomy Model by Sarpe and Jacob Article The paper "Simulating the Decentralized Processes of the Human Immune System in a Virtual Anatomy Model by Sarpe and Jacob" is a great example of a biology article. Problem statement: the article discusses simulations that take place in the decentralization of processes of the human immune system as to be in a virtual anatomy model.   Processes in the human biological system can be explained using models of large systems. The research focuses on the physical perspectives of the immune processes of human beings. The complexity of the immune system has always been a challenge to explain without referring to the spatial distribution of organs that relate to it. The research has incorporated different prototypes into one simulation of immune processes (Sarpe Jacob, 2013). It has presented methodologies and modeling to depict a simulation system that is agent-based. The agents in the model include viruses, cytokines, and immune cells. In this case, the system interacts with its components in two different ways which include inside a lymph node and within the tissue.The variables in the research are factors that make up the immune system. There is a clear description of how agents of the system interact. The research finds that agent-based simulations relate to the current simulations on human body immunity. The resear ch has proved that the model can be used to demonstrate how connected simulations occur (Sarpe Jacob, 2013). The situation can be prevented through the use of a network of computers. The research will have a positive impact on my profession. The model can be used as a tuning technique on the study of the immune system to help in understanding the processes. It would help in advancing the understanding of the immune system of the human body.

Monday, December 16, 2019

Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations. Free Essays

Question: – Review idealism and realism in international relations. Introduction When studying international relations as an academic discipline studying about Idealism and realism is a major concern. These two approaches are used widely when it comes to decision making procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations. or any similar topic only for you Order Now In idealism the decisions are made using ideas. Institutions such as League of Nations, United Nations as well as Local organizations like Organization of African Unity are developed according to the idealist tradition. This was introduced as a educational thought in 400 BC by Plato. He thought that the humans could be improved from within by correcting their thoughts and discovering knowledge already lies within since birth. The more perfect our ideas are the better we can serve the world. In realism world politics are driven my competitive self- interest. This further details that all states operate under as the greatest factor in causing nations to diverge from morally guided behaviour. Until World War II the actual theory of realism did not came about. Realism theory has been introduced from historical writers such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Thucydides and Sun Tzu. But Hans J. Morgenthau and E. H. Carr are considered most instrumental in establishing the tenets of classical realism theory in modern age. This theory differs from all considerations of legality and moral guidance from state policy that holds that all states are capable of violating laws if there is any necessity to advance their interests and power. These two different theories created a significant change in International Relations all over the world. Most political, economical decisions are taken by using Idealism and realism as reference to analyze and understand the facts. Idealism Idealism is a term applied to any idea, goal or practice considered to be impractical. As examples entrusting international security to the UN, creating an African union on the model of European Union, global eradication of poverty and injustice, etc. can be pointed out. Idealists usually rest on a pessimistic perspective towards human nature along with an historical judgment to achieve a change in world affairs. Idealists emphasize the power of reason. They strongly believe in the effectiveness of ideas. Through this they see the possibility of establishing a political system rimarily on morality. This will lead the humans to remove their selfish ideas and helps to build a nation that forms peace, prosperity, cooperation and justice. When a person looks at war in an idealist view, it can no longer be considered by anyone as a suitable way to achieve goals. It is because it affects both parties severely. Former President of the United States of America Woodrow Wilson is cons idered to be one of the key founders of Idealism. He presented the â€Å"Fourteen points† proposal that was contained on his speech to a joint session of congress on 1918. The address was intended to assure the world that the Great War (World War I) was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. One of the most well known outcomes of Idealism is the democratic Peace Theory. This states that similar modes of democratic governments do not clash each other. As an impact of Idealism on International Relations Organizations like League of Nations. This was resulted in the covenant of the League of Nations with 42 original members. But this was ineffective because it had no power to enforce its decisions and issues in security. Due to these reasons the league was dismantled in the year 1940 but it had served as a model for the United Nations. Following the failure of League of Nations and the outbreak of the Second World War, descendent theories like Liberalism and Neo-conservatism were created. Through Liberalism organizations like United Nations, NATO, International regimes like Bretton Woods System were built. Neo-conservatism was drawn from Liberalism and focused more on universal values such as Human rights, democracy, free trade, minority protections etc. nlike other theories Neo-conservatism is willing to use force if necessary to push for its goals. Realism This is a theory that world politics is driven by competitive self- interest. It implies that realists see that humankind is self-centered and competitive. Also they believe that the principal actors in the international system are sovereign states. The basic assumption of Realism is that man is wicked, aggressive and bad and also state struggles for power. This implies that realism possesses a pessimistic, negative and a suspicious behavior. This was originated after the Second World War. But its primary assumptions were noted in its earlier writings. People like Thucydides, Sun Tzu, and Otto Van Bismarck can be pointed out as examples. It began as a wide field of research after the war. People like Hans J. Morgenthau, Carl von Clausewitz are considered as the modern thinkers of the classical realism. This theory has been associated with thinkers like Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Hans J Morgenthau described about six principles of Political Realism. 1. Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. 2. The main signpost of political realism is the concept of interest defined in terms of power, which infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics, and thus makes the theoretical understanding of politics possible. Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of statesmen. Political realism avoids reinterpreting reality to fit the policy. A good foreign policy minimizes risks and maximizes benefits. 3. Realism recognizes that the determining kind of interest varies depending on the political and cultural context in which foreign policy is made. It does not give â€Å"interest defined as power† a meaning that is fixed once and for all. 4. Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action. Realism maintains that universal moral principles must be filtered through the concrete circumstances of time and place, because they cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation. . Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe. 6. The political realist maintains the autonomy of the political sphere; he asks â€Å"How does this policy affect the power and interests of the nation? † Political realism is based on a pluralistic conception of human nature. The political realist must show where the nation’s interests differ from the moralistic and legalistic viewpoints. How to cite Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations., Essay examples

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Interview Analysis for Transactional Model of Communication

Question: Discuss about theInterview Analysis for Transactional Model of Communication. Answer: Introduction: Patient interviewing is a very important aspect of care planning, and active listening, questioning and body language are three factors that have a profound role on the success of the interview process. Patient interview is the segment of care delivery, where the foundation of patient-nurse interaction is established which helps the nurse and the patient develop a therapeutic relation throughout the course of care delivery and facilitates better health outcomes for the patient as well. It can be mentioned that patient interview is the primary tool that helps the nursing professional to obtain comprehensive data (Blumer, 2012). Hence the importance of the initial patient interview is imperative and each and every graduating nurse should all necessary patient interviewing skills required. There are various theoretical underpinnings that define the needs and requirements for a patient interview to be successfully completed (Stoddart, 2012). This assignment will focus on three key aspects of a patient interview, questioning skills, listening skills, and body language, taking the aid of a interview constructed with a patient. The patient details will be fictitious to maintain the privacy and confidentiality of the patient. Active listening skills: According to the theory of patient interaction, while communicating for the first time with the patient it is very important to employ non-focusing open ended skills like active listening. According to the Fawcett and Rhynas (2012), interaction is seen as a pivotal part of the process, and especially for psychiatric nursing, the use of self and interaction is also viewed as a part of the therapeutic intervention to improve the health outcomes of the patient. Non-verbal communication is another very important aspect of the communication or interaction that a nurse can conduct with a patient, the non-verbal cues will help the nurse to calm the patient and provide him the communicational comfort to share personal issues and grievances. Active listening is a very important construct in the non verbal interaction, and according to the symbolic interaction as well, active listening is the construct that facilitates better understanding, enhanced trust and better communication as well (Stac ks Salwen, 2014). In the video, although I had been showing all nonverbal attributes of active listening, I failed to show verbal cues of active listening in many sections. I had asked the patient, May I know why you are here today? And the patient responded with I had a bit of back pain when I went to bed and even when I woke up I still had that pain, so I am came to see what I can do for my back pain. I responded with Mmm Hmm, so, Then I moved on to a completely new question with who is your next of kin? Now it had to be mentioned in this context that for the active listening to be effective for both parties, it is very important for the patient to be given indication that the nurse is actively listening (Barnlund, 2017). It is facilitated by reflecting on the information provided by the patient, paraphrasing the main points mentioned by the patient to confirm the information and giving him an indication that the nurse is listening. When the patient was providing key information regarding the back pain which was the primary reason for the patients visit to the facility, I did not summarize or reflect on the information provided to indicate my attentive listening to the patient and I neither responded with relevant questions to discover more information about his pain (Mendelsohn Lynch, 2013). My mistake could have had a detrimental impact on his perception of whether his suffering is being given any importance in the care process and it might lead him to question the efficiency of o ur care services. I would like to rectify this mistake by paying extra attention on reflection and summarization of key information provided by the patient during interview assessments. The mistake can be found in segment of the video from 1.10 minutes. Questioning skills: Questioning is another very important aspect of patient assessment and interviewing and it provides the nursing professional with the opportunity to extract relevant information regarding the issues and grievances that the patient is feeling. Questioning skills is also extremely important in the context of collecting cues and patient situational analysis, without the nurse interviewing the patient having adequate questioning skills it will not be possible to assess the exact physical and psychosocial issues that the patient has been going through. During the entire video, I had been making a few question structuring mistakes which can be due to my ethnic background and limited English proficiency. I had asked the patient, how is your urine.bowels movement? The patient responded with Yeah, it is good. Yeah yeah. Later I followed with the question, There is no problems with the bowels..or urinary? the patient responded with No, no. I would like to mention here that I had stuttered a few times during the entire procedure and I had serious issues with structuring the questions as well. According to the theory of verbal communication, it is very important for the questions to be open ended, engaging and well structured to be able to extract the adequate and functional response from the patient. Stuttering and mistakes while framing the questions can act as detrimental factors leading to miscommunication and misinterpretation (Silverman, Kurtz Draper, 2016). According to the Cleary et al. (2012), the impact of miscommunication and misinterpretation during the patient interview or assessment can lead to misdiagnosis and can impart harm to the health and wellbeing of the patent. However, I would like to justify that I am not a native English speaker and hence constructing proper questions in English while carrying out a conversation is a challenge for me. I would like to rectify my questioning skills by enhancing my English language proficiency. According to the theory of culturally competent communication, language proficiency can act as a very important factor in deciding the success of the communicational tactic (Fawcett Rhynas, 2012). I will attempt to join a few classes and course schedules that will help me gain better understanding of the language and be able to communicate with the patients effectively. The mistake by me was done at 3.50 minute of the video. Body language: A discussion on non verbal communication is incomplete without emphasizing on the concept of body language. According to the most of the communicational theories, the importance of the body language is crucial. For a patient to share their concerns and issues freely with the nursing professional, their body language needs to be warm and welcoming. Along with that, it has to be mentioned in this context as well, that compassion and empathy is two key constructs of holistic and patient centered care. Hence, in case of the interviews as well, there is need for a compassionate, attentive and empathetic approach of the care professional for the patient to feel comfortable enough to share their grievances and individual issues without any conflicts. In the video, I had tried my best to maintain a compassionate yet professionally engaged body language while assessing the patient. I asked the patient, How bad is your pain? If you had to score 1 to 10, and 1 is the least and 10 is the worst, how would you score in between? The patient said, I would say seven. I said, Seven out of ten? The patient said, Yeah I stated, That is a lot of pain In here, throughout the course of the patient expressing how bad the pain of the patient had been I failed to maintain eye contact. Along with that I failed to show any reassuring gesture or compassion to the pain that the patient had been feeling. Furthermore, I mistakenly took a very condescending tone while trying to respond to the excruciating pain that the patient had been feeling and it might have upset the patient or made him feel less valued and insecure (Cienki et al., 2013). The importance of a welcoming warm smile and thorough eye contact is a very important aspect of patient-nurse interaction and the lack thereof can lead to damaged communication outcomes for the patient. In the near future I would like to rectify the mistake that I have made by exploring different theories of nonverbal communication and body language. One theory that can be very helpful is the theory of symbolic interactions which emphasizes on nonverbal cues of effective communication, where body langua ge is in integral part (Rock, 2016). I had made a mistake near 4.36 minute of video. Conclusion: Patient interview is the pioneer step, based on which the entire construct of nursing care planning and delivery takes place. Patient interaction is imperative in nursing care; the importance of patient interview is not just limited to gathering the subjective and objective data regarding the patient situation, but it is also a potent tool in laying the foundation of a mutually respectful therapeutic relationship with the patient as well. This assignment had been an excellent opportunity for the student nurses like myself to gain a fundamental understanding of the concepts of patient interviewing and assessment. It has to be understood that nursing is an empirical domain, while theoretical knowledge is extremely necessary for us to gain a expertise on the care planning and implementation procedure, the understanding patent need and requirements comes only from the experience. One of the greatest segments of patient centered care is the patient assessment and this assignment gave us t he perfect opportunity to experience the impact of different communication skills, both verbal and nonverbal, and helped us identify our flaws and drawbacks, so that we can attempt to rectify our errors and enhance our communication skills. References: Barnlund, D. C. (2017). A transactional model of communication. InCommunication theory(pp. 47-57). Routledge. Berman, A. C., Chutka, D. S. (2016). Assessing effective physician-patient communication skills:Are you listening to me, doc?.Korean journal of medical education,28(2), 243. Blumer, H. (2012). Symbolic Interactionism [1969].Contemporary Sociological Theory, 62. Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., Teendorf, S. (2013).Body-Language-Communication(pp. 310-319). C. Mller (Ed.). de Gruyter. Cleary, M., Hunt, G. E., Horsfall, J., Deacon, M. (2012). Nurse-patient interaction in acute adult inpatient mental health units: a review and synthesis of qualitative studies.Issues in Mental Health Nursing,33(2), 66-79. Fawcett, T., Rhynas, S. (2012). Taking a patient history: the role of the nurse.Nursing Standard (through 2013),26(24), 41. Mendelsohn, D., Lynch, T. (2013). Listening. InAn introduction to applied linguistics(pp. 190-206). Routledge. Rock, P. (2016).Making of symbolic interactionism. Springer. Silverman, J., Kurtz, S., Draper, J. (2016).Skills for communicating with patients. CRC Press. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014).An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge. Stoddart, K. M. (2012). Social meanings and understandings in patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting: a grounded theory study.BMC nursing,11(1), 14. Weger Jr, H., Castle Bell, G., Minei, E. M., Robinson, M. C. (2014). The relative effectiveness of active listening in initial interactions.International Journal of Listening,28(1), 13-31.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Stress Essay Essays - Stress, Sympathetic Nervous System

Stress Essay Everyone has experienced some type of stress for some it may be severe for others it may be mild. There are many things that can cause stress for people it ranges from, family troubles such as money to forgetting your homework. There are many types of stress which will be described below. There are also many ways that your body responds to stress or how stress might affect your body. Its important to minimize your stress level for your health and there are many ways to minimize stress. There are also many signs or stress like worrying, dont forget everyone gets stressed at one point or another. There are three different stages of stress the alarm stage, the resistance stage and the exhaustion stage. The alarm stage is when adrenalin is released into the blood and when your blood pressure increases. It is also when your breathing rate quickens and more sugar is released into your blood stream. The resistance stage is when your body adapts to the continued presence of the stressor. The resistance stage requires a lot more of your energy, as a result of that you may become tired, irritable and not as able to handle any added stress. The exhaustion stage is when you can no longer keep up with any of the work placed on you. During this stage your physical and mental resources are depleted. The exhaustion stage occurs only if a stressor continues for a long time, usually months or even years. The stages of stress can take a real toll on your body. There are many signs of stress that occur in your body while youre stressed. One of the more popular signs of stress would be increase of breathing rate and worrying. The first things that come to mind when I think of stress would be homework, chores, worry, butterflies and my heartbeat. Homework comes to mind because, when I have tons of work to do that is do the next day I start to freak out because it wont be my best. My breathing rate increases and I start to get frustrated and it doesnt help me get my work done. Butterflies is another thing that comes to mind because when I start to get stressed I get nervous which causes my stomach to do flips which I refer to as butterflies. Scared is another sign of stress because when you get stressed for a test you start to get scared that you will fail it and it will affect your future. People have also known to get depressed when their stressed because they get overwhelmed with what they have to deal with. Mad is another sign of stress be cause for some people when they get stressed they cant get anything done making them mad at themselves and others. There are many ways that the body responds to stress. The fight or flight response is known to be the humans most basic survival response. There are four different stages to the fight or flight response which includes stimulus, make a decision and body=activated and then dealt with. Stage one of the fights or flight response is stimulus. The second stage of the fight or flight response is to decide if it is a threat or a non-threat. The third stage of the fight or flight response is body=activated, which is when your body decides to fight instead of flight. The fourth stage of the flight or fight response is when the threat is dealt with and your body returns to the homeostasis part. Its important to reduce your stress level for your own health.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

The Colony I Would Live In

The Colony I Would Live In During the late 1200's early 1600's Europeans first started bring settlers over to America.In1585, Sir Walter Raleigh decided to settle in America. An attempt which failed. As settlers kept coming over, there became thirteen colonies. These colonies were divided into sections. New England which was: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. The Middle Colonies which were: Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Last but not least, Southern Colonies consisted of: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Out of these thirteen colonies, I'd want to live in the Massachusetts, a colony in the New England section.Massachusetts was a great colony to live in. After all, you are guinea pigs. The people who sailed on the Mayflower were very lucky. Even though most of them died, the survivors must be strong enough to do anything. Massachusetts was a very important colony and is one of the most outstanding of the thirteen.English: This is a pa inting of Simon Bradstreet, w...New England has bad soil, and long winters, which made it hard to make a lot of money off of farming. Therefore, New Englanders made grain mills and sawmills. New England were very good shipbuilders and had good trade with other countries. In Massachusetts, the fish industry really helped boost their economy. On the other hand, the Southern Colonies made a lot of money from farming, like growing rice, tobacco, and cattle. The Middle Colonies grew wheat. I don't think farming in a very good way to make money, because it requires a lot of laborious tasks.The fact that New England didn't need so much land for farming helped it become a tight knit community. They had a village school, a village church and a town hall. Within three years, the Pennsylvania colony's (part of the Middle Colonies) population had gone from zero...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Should I Waive My Right to Review Recommendation Letters

Should I Waive My Right to Review Recommendation Letters SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Short answer: yes. Long answer: there's no need to worry about checking "yes" and waiving your right to see your letters of recommendation on the FERPA waiver section of your college applications. This article will explain exactly what FERPA is, why you're being asked to waive it, and how it impacts your letters of recommendations. To be honest, the FERPA waiver willprobably be the easiest part of filling out your college applications! What is FERPA? The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), otherwise known as the Buckley Amendment, was passed to protect the privacy of students' educational records. It gives parents and students who are 18 years and older the right to access their records. It also requires that parents or eligible students give permission before their information is released to a third party, except in special circumstances like transferring schools or a health emergency. Since most students who enroll in college are 18 or older, FERPA gives them the right to request access to their letters of recommendation, wherever they might be stored along with the rest of theirapplication materials. I like to picture all the applications of years past stored somewhere like the Hall of Prophecies in Harry Potter, except the endless shelves are filled with files instead of shiny glass orbs. There'sonecaveat to your FERPA-given right of access: youcan only access yourrecommendation letters after you've gotten your admission letter of acceptance and chosen to enrollin a college. If youwere rejected from or chose not to go to a certain school, then youwon't be able to get yourhands on those letters. Note how I said that FERPA gives youthe right to access your letters of recommendation AFTER youenroll at a college. It really doesn't have anything to do with getting to read your letters before your recommenders send them. Some recommenders will let you see them, while others will keep them confidential. The general assumption around reference letters is that they are confidential - this seems more honest in the eyes of admissions officers. Whether or not you see the letters before they're sent is not really what FERPA's about, when you get down to the specifics of it. On the Common Application (or whatever application you're using), you'll be asked whether or not you want to waive your right to access your rec letters. Read on for a preview of what you'll see. Harry Potter and the Chamber of College Applications Waiver of Access (FERPA) on the Common Application Once you add a college to your Common Application, you'll see a tab show up to invite your recommender(s). Before you send those invites, you'll be prompted to read about your waiver of access and select a response.This is what you'll see: "Waiver of Access (FERPA) Under the terms of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), you can review letters of recommendation and accompanying forms after you enroll at a postsecondary institution and only if that institution saves the documents post-enrollment. Why should you consider waiving your right of access? Waiving your right lets colleges know that you will never try to read your recommendations. That in turn reassures colleges that your recommenders have provided support that is candid and truthful. While you are free to respond as you wish, if you choose not to waive your right, some recommenders may decline your request, and some colleges may disregard letters submitted on your behalf. Remember, even if you retain your right of access, you still won't be able to view any recommendations until after you have been admitted to and enrolled in a college. In other words, FERPA does not give you the right to inspect recommendations before they are sent to your colleges. After you make your selection, you will be able to invite your counselor and recommenders. Once you make the first invitation, you will not be able to change your response to the waiver question. To ensure that you fully understand the implications of your selection, we urge you not to answer the waiver question until you have consulted with your guidance counselor or another school official. For more information on FERPA follow this link: ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html" Source: The Common Application Sounds like serious stuff. In reality, it's pretty straightforward. FERPA lets you request access to your recommendation letters after getting in and enrolling in a school. By that point, months after you've applied, done the requisite period ofnervous waiting, received the thick envelope and decided on a school, you probably aren't thinking about cracking into your admissions file to read exactly what Mr. Smith said about you back in December of senior year. You got in, so the rec letters had to have been pretty complimentary. Again, note that FERPA does not give you the right to see your letters of recommendations before they are sent. In the academic world, recommendation letters tend to be kept confidential. Your teacher or counselor may show you the letter and ask for your feedback or revisions, but this depends on the person. Even if you're burning with curiosity, you shouldn't pressure your recommenders to show you the letter. It could indicate that you don't trust them to provide you with a strong letter - and, if that's the case, you shouldn't choose them in the first place! Since you can only respond to the waiver question on the Common App once, let's go over exactly why it's a good idea to waive access. "Waive" goodbye to FERPA - you don't need it this time. Why It's a Good Idea to Waive Your FERPA Right As I mentioned above, the typical expectation for letters of recommendation in college admissions is that they are keptconfidential. Admissions officers give most weight to letters that provide an honest and qualified assessment of the applicant. If you don't waive your FERPA right, you could accidentally signal to admissions officers that you don't trust your recommender or that the recommendation is less candid or genuine. Your recommender might also get the subtle message that you don't trust him or her. The knowledge that you'll see the letter at some point in the future might cause your recommender to write a more generic letter, and thus be less powerful and effective in support of your candidacy. You won't be penalized for your response, but it's risky to check "no" since you don't know how admissions officers or your recommenders will interpret it. If you still feel uneasy about waiving your FERPA right, keep reading. In the next section, I'll explain why there's no need to worry about your recommendation letters, even if you never get the chance to read them. Keep your recommenders inside the circle of trust. No Need to Worry About Recommendation Letters... Perhaps easier said than done, but you really shouldn't stress about your letters of recommendation. Your teachers and counselor are there to help you - in fact, it's literally their job. They want to advocate for you and help you further your education. When you ask for a recommendation, you should ask your teachers if they can provide you with astrong letter of support. If they seem hesitant at all, then thank them for their time and ask somebody else. As long as you're thoughtful about choosing people with whom you have good relationships and who can write an insightful letter about you, then you don't have to worry about leaving the rest up to them. Apart from choosing recommenders who know you well, you can also have some say into shaping what goes into the letter. Most schools will give you a "brag sheet" where you can remind your recommenders of your interests, motivations, and goals. You and your parents can describe some significant experiences you've had or challenges you've overcome to help your recommenders make the strongest letter they can. So even if the letter stays confidential, you'll still have some sense of what likely went into it. At this point, hopefully you have a better sense of what the FERPA waiver is all about and why it's in your best interest to go ahead and agree to the waiver. Or maybe you've scrolled down to this point, thinking "too long; didn't read." Either way, you're in luck! Below are the key points I wanted to make, distilled into bullet points for your reading pleasure. Key Points About the FERPA Waiver The FERPA waiver only waives your right to access your recommendation letters after you've been accepted to and enrolled in a college. It's common practice for recommendation letters to be kept confidential in admissions procedures. Your recommenders may still let you see their letters before they send them - that's totally up to them. As long as you're thoughtful about choosing recommenders who are supportive and know you well (and help them out with a detailed brag sheet), you can rest easy knowing your recommenders want to support you and help you get into college. The FERPA waiver is probably the easiest part of your application. Just go ahead and click yes! What's Next? While the FERPA waiver's easy, the rest of your application can get a bit more complicated. Read all about how to build a versatile college application that showcases your strengths and makes you stand out among the competition. Is it that time of year when you're thinking about requesting letters of recommendation? This article breaks down how to request a letter of recommendation, step by step (coming soon). Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Thursday, November 21, 2019

DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION AND ORAL HYGIENE INSTRUCTION TO A SMOKER Essay

DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION AND ORAL HYGIENE INSTRUCTION TO A SMOKER COMMUNITY - Essay Example different methods of giving information, I would like to convey to them the possible health difficulties that they will most likely face and ultimately, persuade them to drop the habit. The group that I have specified are my friends who are heavy smokers and who seem to ignore the dangers posed by their habits, I would like to enlighten them on the dangers that they imbue on themselves with smoking. For this study, I will identify six resources that will greatly help in illustrating how dangerous smoking is. Mostly, it will be through the form of websites, journals, case studies and videos that greatly focus on the oral health problems that stem from smoking tobacco. First is an Australian Dental Journal (1999) with the title of the article being ‘Dentist’s attitudes and practices towards smoking’, which in a nutshell aims to identify the importance of the oral health guardians in the dissemination of information and to the persuasion of dropping the smoking habit. (1) To further deepen the study on this article, the researchers used a survey among dentists and their interaction with patients on smoking. The aim was to establish the dentists’ current practice regarding discussing smoking with patients, to explore dentists’ perceptions of the barriers to discussing smoking with patients and to explore dentists’ interest in discussing smoking with patients. During the study, the reasons why smokers cannot stop the habit was identified. (1) Now, regarding my view if this study is effective in persuading smokers to stop smoking, it certainly is. To whom do we entrust our oral health care better than our dentists? If they advise patients on the situation of their oral health, they would most probably listen. And given their knowledge on the situation, it would really be foolhardy for patients to ignore their diagnosis. Another published article about the dangers of smoking tobacco is: ‘Tobacco or Oral Health’ made as a guide to health

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

How to make the restaurant successful Case Study

How to make the restaurant successful - Case Study Example There is therefore the need for an interested investor within this industry to consider a number of factors, which are important in making a restaurant succeed in business while at the same time having the investor realize targeted gains. However, critical analysis of case studies within the Bora Bora Island reveals high unhealthy competition from restaurant operators, which threatens to lock out interested investors while at the same time making some investors to succumb to business failure and close down. This finding therefore informs this paper’s intention to evaluate on the factors that would make restaurants successful and thus thrive within the hotel industry. In fact, many people get interested in investing in hospitality industry as the industry holds great prospects in profits and returns though many do it without proper preparation, which is necessary for the success of the restaurant. Among many factors that contribute to the failure of restaurants are poor decisio ns as well as poor management practices. Success in managing a successful restaurant requires that management understands the restaurant’s image, what the customers want as well as the best ways of providing it. Good evaluation of the restaurant’s location in terms of geographic location as well as the environment is basic features that determine the success of the restaurant. Understanding and preparation for start up costs as well as the associated planning are also fundamental in running a restaurant successfully. There are basic facts that all restaurant operators or interested investors need be aware of and they include the following. It is important to have a great business concept, great chef as well as most appropriate business location. Overestimation of business capital is important in that it enables one to plan effectively for the uncertainties that would arise before the restaurant becomes successful in operations. Offering best services in terms of qualit y as well as pricing is fundamental in attracting as well as retaining customers. Besides, the ability of a restaurant and the operator to evolve with the prevailing business environment results to success in business operations thus is equally a fundamental fact necessary for restaurant operations and management. Moreover, marketing activities are as basic in operating a restaurant as they are in operating other businesses (Karppinen, 2011, p. 19-37). In the case study of restaurants within BoraBora Island, marketing effectiveness is seen to greatly influence the success of the restaurants while targeting foreigners and the locals. Having been in restaurant industry in Dinard for over 15 years, Marcel Fayete and wife visits BoraBora Island and in greatly moved by the environment and business prospects there. This prompts them to decide on relocating and establishing a restaurant there. The island had beautiful physical environment as well as large market in terms of indigenous peop le and tourists who visit the island on vocations and such other expeditions as honeymoons. Nevertheless, the couple had little research done on the prevailing business conditions in the Island and this would pose a challenge in the future operations of the restaurant. Basic to their investigation was on the rather high priced services, which they understood

Saturday, November 16, 2019

MBA sem 1 Essay Example for Free

MBA sem 1 Essay Parts of vision statement 1. The core values are those things very close to your heart that you will not give up at any cost. It can be integrity (for example, I will never cheat on the taxes I have to pay) or quality (I will never use a lower quality wood), etc. Usually we say that you should have only 4 to 6 core values. Of course, personal values and business values may differ. For example, love may be a very important personal value but it may not be so relevant in your business of furniture though it can be relevant if you were having a home for the aged. 2. Core purpose is the purpose of the organization, for example, to make furniture. This is something that you want to achieve within the framework of our core values. It gives the achievement orientation to the business and therefore the focus. When we get an opportunity to expand or sell off and if we are in a decision dilemma, this acts as another light house. we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in (b) Differentiate between ‘process’ and ‘tasks’ (Parts of vision statement, Difference between process and tasks) Answer: Processes Process is a set of logical activities that lead to some final or interim output. For example, taking pieces of wood, making it smooth, cutting it, making grooves, connecting them, finishing them, and polishing them are processes to create a table. These have to be done in some logical sequence. This is what a process is. Let us now look at we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q2. Planning is called as the cornerstone of management. Define planning and describe the importance of planning. Explain the types of planning. (Definition of planning, Importance of planning, Types of planning) 2,3,5 Answer: Definition and Importance of Planning Planning can be defined as a basic management function which enables one to select the purpose of the business, and how the resources should be mustered to achieve that purpose to include using the available resources optimally to do that. Planning implies goal setting for the organization keeping in mind the constraints, opportunities, and threats as much as what the person or business which is planning wants to do. Thus, a plan is a blueprint for goal achievement, a blue print that specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks, and other actions to achieve the purpose. A goal is a desired future state that the organization attempts to reach. Goals are important because an organization exists for a purpose, and goals define and state that purpose. Goals specify future ends; plans we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we hav e different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q3. What is meant by ‘span of control’? Differentiate between narrow span of control and wide span of control. What are the factors that influence the span of control? (Meaning of ‘span of control’ ,Difference between narrow span of control and wide span of control, Factors that influence the span of control) 2,3,5 Answer: Span of control The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisor can directly control. This number varies with the type of work: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereas routine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q4 Define Organizational behavior. What are the various approaches to Organizational behavior? (Definition of OB, Approaches to OB) 2, 8 Answer: Definition of OB: OB can be defined as a systematic study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and organizational factors on productivity to include effectiveness and efficiency, absentee, turnover, organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction. ? By systematic study we mean looking at relationships and attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence. ? By productivity we mean a performance measure that includes both effectiveness (achievement of goals) and efficiency (ratio on output versus input required to achieve it). ? By absenteeism we mean failure to report to work especially without informing. ? we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or ? mail us on [emailprotected] ? web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in ? www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in a whole is to function effectively. Q5. Perception is the way we see and interpret things. Explain the importance of such ‘perception’. What are the factors affecting perception? (Importance of perception, Factors affecting perception) 4,6 Answer: Importance of perception Perception is perhaps the most important aspect of OB that we use in our daily life and in management. The importance of perception is: ? While creating vision for an organization, our perception of the future and the way things should be is a deciding factor. ? While making strategy, out perception of the opportunities and threats make us see the same situation differently. ? Perception gives the impetus to seek more information to make more rational decisions e.g., the perception of Rakhi on the situation of the bakery in trouble, made her travel and talk to the employees to gain more information. If she had perceived what the manager did was right or that it is too small a thing to intervene, she would not have made the effort to find out more information. ? we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or ? mail us on [emailprotected] ? web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in ? www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q6. Give the definition and importance of ‘motivation’. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. (Definition of motivation, Importance of motivation, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory) 2,3,5 Answer: Definition and Importance of Motivation Motivation is â€Å"the process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.† (Robbins, 2003) Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Directionis the orientation that benefits the organization. And persistence is a measure of how long a person can maintain his/her effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. Motivation is important to an individual because: ? Motivation helps to achieve personal goals. ? Motivation gives job satisfaction. ? Motivation helps in self-development of individual. ? An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Collins, James C. and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. First Paperback Edition. New York: Harper-Collins, 1997. 219-239.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Of Mice and Men :: essays research papers

Of Mice and Men   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of Mice and Men, which was written by Nobel Prize winner John Steinbeck, is a very clever and well thought out short novel. Steinbeck seemed to have a thing for the poor and struggling working class people of this country. His characters in this book are typical low class farm workers, yet they are very unique in their own ways. By the end of the book you feel for some of the characters while others you don?t give a damn about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The one character that drove the story in Of Mice and Men and made it an unforgettable book was Lennie. The other characters like George, Slim, and Curley didn?t really have anything special or unique about them. There was something special about Lennie though. Lennie is mentally handicapped to put it lightly. He has got some major screws loose upstairs. Through out the book Steinbeck shows Lennie?s low IQ by how this character only thinks about one thing, and that?s that he hope?s George will let him take care of the rabbits when they get their own place, which never happens. Lennie wasn?t just retarded, but he was physically very strong. Lennie was a big and powerful guy. Unfortunately Lennie didn?t know that he was strong or big. All he thought about was the rabbits. Curley?s hand was crushed easily and his wife was killed accidentally by the pure strength of this huge guy. That is why Lennie was the character that made this book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think the one lesson John Steinbeck was most trying to get across in Of Mice and Men was that everyone needs somebody so they aren?t lonely. Other then George and Lennie, the other characters are all very lonely and are looking for someone or dreaming of something better. Crooks said it best; ? A guy goes nuts if he ain?t got nobody?. Crooks felt very alone all through out the book. No one liked him or talked to him because he was black. Curley showed he was lonely through his anger. He was always trying to pick a fight so others would pay attention to him. His wife would flirt with the other guys like Slim and Lennie because she was extremely lonely. Curley?s wife hated her husband, and was never given any attention by him. Being lonely is not a good thing and I think that is a lesson Mr.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Cover Letter for English

I am going to explain how my reading and study skills has improved since my first day of Eng. 5. I am also going to explain some of my strengths and weaknesses. I have improved my reading and study skills and also what I am going to do to improve in the future Before I entered Eng. 5, skills was very weak. I thought it was okay to skim over something, but now I realize I had a plenty of improvements to do. This class has helped to realize that studying is very important. I have to organize my own personal study guide, have a quiet, comfortable place to study in order for me to pass any quiz r test.Doing this has had a lot of reflection on the quizzes and tests I have been taking in this class and my other classes also. I have some strength as a reader. For example, I can understand somewhat of what a book is about by reading the last page of it. By evaluating myself from the first day of class to now. My reading skills have improved. Before, when I read I book I dozed off, I will be reading the book but I would not understand a thing from the chapter. Now, while I read a book I write down notes and what I think might be important towards the chapters to come. I highlight important vocabulary words thatI do not know the meaning of. I look forward to reading my books in the future. I have been learned a lot this semester. Starting with my studying skills I have learned how to organized a study session and a personal study guide for myself. Furthermore, what plan to do for self-improvement I to start a study group with people in my class. Studying In a group can help study skills. My reading skills have gotten better, but it Is not excellent. I will take time to read the whole bible starting with genesis. I would like to read It every day, so I can understand every point of the bible.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

External environmental factors affecting the organized retail industry Essay

The external environmental factors affecting the organized retail industry in india are as follows: †¢Demographical Environment – The important environmental factor that need proper and continuous monitoring called Demographical Environment. Demography is the study of population and its characteristics. Even India has over millions of retail outlet, it still has a long way to go with the international standard of retail industry †¢Cultural Environment – they influence the consumer’s beliefs, art, morals, laws, custom. India’s large and dynamic size and economical and cultural diversity which had lead to no proper model or consumption pattern throughout the country. The main challenge the retail industry in India faces is of diverse strategies for different sectors and segments. †¢Social Environment – it has the maximum effect on consumes. Social environment changes the habbits of people. In India brands like Dettol have a higher impact on people because of its burning sensation. Maggi noodles are more of convenient food in Indian Market than a staple food. †¢Legal and Political Environment – Government plays a great role in moderating the role of business in the society through legislation. The legal frame work for relationship between business and consumer is designed to encourage a competitive marketing system to employ and adhere to best business practices. †¢Economic Environment – depends on the type of economic system in which the consumer makes purchases. Oil companies in India have dome compaings when oil prices went high, where they gave tips on how to cut on fuel consumption. Shortages sometimes forces marketers to be allocators of limited supplies. †¢Natural Environment – the finite and non-renewable natural resources are being consumed very fast and there is little likelihood. The resources such as fuel and gasoline are heading towards a big crisis. The supreme court of India has banned the list of industries in New Delhi. The government instead of being a facilitator for industrial growth is promoting industries which are creating less pollution.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Past Year Paper for Fnsacc601A Marking Guide Essays

Past Year Paper for Fnsacc601A Marking Guide Essays Past Year Paper for Fnsacc601A Marking Guide Essay Past Year Paper for Fnsacc601A Marking Guide Essay This document provides detailed guidance for assessors or teachers only. It is to be used as a reference document for marking. It is not for use as a recording document. It is not appropriate under any circumstances to issue this document to students. About this guide This document contains advice for assessors and teachers, to allocate marks or results for all the learning activities for FNSACC601A Prepare complex tax returns.Students must be competent in each element to pass this assessment In order to achieve competency in this assessment you must meet the requirements set out in the table below for each question. Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marks available 15 6 15 15 10 15 24 100 Mark Required to Achieve Competency 8 3 8 8 5 8 12 52 The purpose of the Marking guide is to ensure that adequate information is provided for consistent marking to take place. This will help ensure that Australian Quality Training Framework requirements for assessment reliability are met.Refer to the informa tion in the footer space of this document to identify: ? the correct Assessment guide this document refers to- the footer information in the Assessment guide and corresponding Marking guide must match ? whether you have the latest version of this Marking guide. 2 LT014090 Workplace Simulation (Test A) Marking Guide, FNSACC601A Edition 1 2 Â © New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2011, Version 1, June 2011 Question 1 (15 marks) a) 7 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Assessable income Gross income Bank interest received Deductions Salaries -employees Superannuation -employees Interest on loan -Sally -Whitehouse finance Other expenses General asset pool decline in value 30% of $100,000 Partnership net income $ 414,000 2,000 105,000 10,000 3,000 18,000 133,000 30,000 $ 416,000 299,000 117,000 (b) 4 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) $ Partnership net income, as above Less Salary Harry Sally Interest on capital Harry Sally Adjusted net income 60,000 40,000 7,000 5,000 $ 117,000 12,000 5,000 Salaries $ Harry Sally PARTNERSHIP DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Int. on capital $ Adj net income $ Share of net inc. $ 60,000 7,000 2,500 69,500 40,000 5,000 2,500 47,500 100,000 12,000 5,000 117,000 (c) 4 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Assessable income Share of partnership net income Interest of loan to partnership Share of net capital gain ? ($500,000 320,000) less 50% discount Allowable deduction: Tax loss carried forward from the 2009/10 year Taxable income $ 47,500 3,000 45,000 95,500 15,000 80,500LT014090 Workplace Simulation (Test A) Marking Guide, FNSACC601A Edition 1 2 Â © New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2011, Version 1, June 2011 3 Question 2 (6 marks) Each part is worth 2 marks Part A Answer is (e) None of the above one quarter of ($130,000 + $150,000) = $70,000 Answer is (e) None of the above ($96,000 + $50,000) = $146,000 Answer is (a) $90,000 ($85,000 + $25,000 $20,000) = $90,000 Part B Part C 4 LT014090 Workplace Simula tion (Test A) Marking Guide, FNSACC601A Edition 1 2 Â © New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2011, Version 1, June 2011Question 3 (15 marks) (a) 9 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Assessable Income Employer contributions 125,000 + 20,000+ 15,000 Foreign Income – Canadian trust 40,000 + 10,000 Franked dividends – Private Pty Ltd Franking credit – Private Pty Ltd 21,000 x 30/70 Net Capital Gain Franked dividends – Listed companies Franking credits – listed companies 24,500 x 30/70 Allowable Deductions Life Insurance Premiums Administration costs $ 160,000 50,000 21,000 9,000 81,000 24,500 10,500 6,000 4,000 356,000 $ 10,000 346,000Net Capital Gain Gain on shares in Private Pty Ltd Gain on shares in ANZ Bank Ltd Gain on shares in Landfill Mining NL Less discount 1/3 (109,000 – 25,000) 45,000 – 21,000 135,000 – 75,000 30,000 – 5,000 $ 24,000 60,000 25,000 109,000 28,000 81,000 (b) 6 marks (deduct 1 mark pe r error) Tax Payable Tax on excessive non-arms length (50% x 30,000) x 45% income Tax on contributions with no TFN 5,000 x 46. 5% Tax on low component (346,000 – 15,000 – 5,000) x 15% Less Franking credit offset Foreign tax credit PAYG Instalments Tax Refundable $ $ 6,750. 00 2,325. 0 48,900. 00 57,975. 00 (9,000 + 10,500) 19,500. 00 7,500. 00 36,500. 00 63,500. 00 5,525. 00 LT014090 Workplace Simulation (Test A) Marking Guide, FNSACC601A Edition 1 2 Â © New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2011, Version 1, June 2011 5 Question 4 (15 marks) (a) 5 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Beneficiary Present Legal Entitlement Disability Lindy Y N Rock Y Y Cindy Y N Dot Y Y Balance N n/a Who assessed Lindy Trustee Cindy Trustee Trustee Section(s) applicable 97 98 97/101 98 99 Amount $ 30,000 20,000 36,000 17,500 16,500 120,000 b) 6 marks (2 marks per trustee assessment – deduct 1 mark per error) Tax payable by Trustee Sec 98 Trustee a/c Rock Tax on $20, 000 Medicare Levy Less Low Income Offset 15% x (20,000 -6,000) 10% x (20,000 – 18,488) $ 2,100. 00 151. 20 2,251,20 1,500. 00 751. 20 Sec 98 Trustee a/c Dot Tax on $17,500 Medicare Levy Less Low Income Offset 15% x (17,500 -6,000) below threshold $ 1,725. 00 Nil 1,725,00 1,500. 00 225. 00 Sec 99 Trustee (balance) Tax on $16,500 15% x (16,500 -6,000) 1,575. 00 c) 4 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Tax payable by Dot Tax on eligible income ($30,000) Tax on excepted income ($17,500) Medicare Levy Less s100 credits (12,450 + 225) Low Income Offset 1500-4% (47,500-30,000) Tax payable 45% x 30,000 15% x (17,500 – 6,000) 1. 5% x 47,500 13,500. 00 1,725. 00 712. 50 15,937. 50 12,675. 00 800. 00 13,475. 00 2,462. 50 6 LT014090 Workplace Simulation (Test A) Marking Guide, FNSACC601A Edition 1 2 Â © New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2011, Version 1, June 2011 Question 5 (10 marks) a) 3 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Retainer – Football Club Trust Di stribution – deceased estate Net business income Interest Excepted assessable income $ 15,000 6,000 9,700 500 31,200 (10,000 – 300) (b) 3 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) $ 31,000 2,800 33,800 Income from discretionary trust Unfranked dividends Eligible assessable income (c) 4 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) Tax on excepted income of $31,200 Tax on eligible income of $33,800 Medicare levy on $65,000 Less s100 credit Low income offset 1500-(65,000-30,000) x 4% Tax Payable 15% (31,200-6,000) 45% x 33,800 1. 5% x 65,000 12,915 100 3,780 15,210 975 19,965 13,015 6,950 LT014090 Workplace Simulation (Test A) Marking Guide, FNSACC601A Edition 1 2 Â © New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2011, Version 1, June 2011 7 Question 6 (15 marks) (a) 10 marks (deduct 1 mark per error) ASSESSABLE INCOME Gross profit – livestock trading Balancing adjustment -computer DEDUCTIONS Rations Rabbit-proof fence Water facility dam Phone lines Agistment Farm management deposits Other operating Costs Decline in value $ 585,000 300 $ 585,300 (3 x 20) + (5 x 4) landcare operations 1/3 x 12,000 1/10 x 6,000 54,000 – (3 x 2,000) Laptop computer (

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

The Sarcophagus of Pakal

The Sarcophagus of Pakal In 683 A.D., Pakal, the great King of Palenque who had ruled for almost seventy years, died. Pakals time had been one of great prosperity for his people, who honored him by entombing his body inside the Temple of the Inscriptions, a pyramid that Pakal himself had ordered built specifically to serve as his tomb. Pakal was buried in jade finery including a beautiful death mask, and placed over Pakals tomb was a massive sarcophagus stone, laboriously carved with an image of Pakal himself being reborn as a god. Pakals sarcophagus and its stone top are among the great all-time finds of archaeology. Discovery of Pakals Tomb The Maya city of Palenque had risen to greatness in the seventh century A.D. only to mysteriously go into decline. By 900 A.D. or so the once-mighty city was largely abandoned and the local vegetation began to reclaim the ruins.   In 1949, Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz Lhuillier began an investigation at the ruined Maya city, specifically at the Temple of the Inscriptions, one of the more imposing structures in the city. He found a stairway leading deep into the temple and followed it, carefully breaking down walls and removing rocks and debris as he did so. By 1952 he had reached the end of the passageway and found a magnificent tomb, which had been sealed off for more than a thousand years. There are many treasures and important works of art in Pakals tomb, but perhaps the most striking was the massive carved stone which covered Pakals body. The Great Sarcophagus Lid of Pakal Pakals sarcophagus lid is made of single stone. It is rectangular in shape, measuring between 245 and 290 millimeters (roughly 9-11.5 inches) thick in different places. It is 2.2 meters wide by 3.6 meters long (about 7 feet by 12 feet). The massive stone weighs seven tons. There are carvings on the top and sides. The massive stone would never have fit down the stairways from the top of the Temple of the Inscriptions; Pakals tomb was sealed first and then the temple was built around it. When Ruz Lhuillier discovered the tomb, he and his men painstakingly lifted it with four jacks, raising it a little bit at a time while putting small pieces of wood in the gaps to hold it in place. The tomb remained open until late 2010 when the massive lid was painstakingly lowered once again, covering Pakals remains, which had been returned to his tomb in 2009. The carved edges of the sarcophagus lid narrate events from the life of Pakal and those of his royal forebears. The southern side records the date of his birth and the date of his death. The other sides mention several other lords of Palenque and the dates of their deaths. The northern side shows Pakals parents, along with the dates of their deaths. The Sides of the Sarcophagus On the sides and ends of the sarcophagus itself, there are eight fascinating carvings of Pakals ancestors being reborn as trees: this shows that the spirits of departed ancestors continue to nourish their descendants. The depictions of Pakals ancestors and former rulers of Palenque include: Two images of Pakals father, Kan Mo Hix, being reborn as a nance tree.Two images of Pakals mother, Sak Kuk, being reborn as a cacao tree.Pakals great-grandmother, Yohl Iknal, is shown twice, reborn as a zapote tree and an avocado tree.Janahb Pakal I, Pakals grandfather, reborn as a guava treeKan Bahlam I (ruler of Palenque 572-583), reborn as a zapote tree.Kan Joy Chitam I (ruler of Palenque ca. 529-565 A.D.), reborn as an avocado tree.Ahkal Mo Nahb I (ruler of Palenque ca. 501-524 A.D.), reborn as a guava tree. The Top of the Sarcophagus Lid The magnificent artistic carving on the top of the sarcophagus lid is one of the masterpieces of Maya art. It depicts Pakal being reborn. Pakal is on his back, wearing his jewels, headdress, and skirt. Pakal is shown in the center of the cosmos, being reborn into eternal life. He has become one with the god Unen-Kawill, who was associated with maize, fertility, and abundance. He is emerging from a maize seed held by the so-called Earth Monster whose enormous teeth are clearly shown. Pakal is emerging along with the cosmic tree, visible behind him. The tree will carry him to the sky, where the god Itzamnaaj, the Sky Dragon, is awaiting him in the form of a bird and two serpent heads on either side. Importance of Pakals Sarcophagus Pakals Sarcophagus lid is a priceless piece of Maya art and one of the most important archaeological finds of all time. The glyphs on the lid have helped mayanist scholars pinpoint dates, events and familial relationships over a thousand years old. The central image of Pakal being reborn as a god is one of the classic icons of Maya art and has been crucial to understanding how the ancient Maya viewed death and rebirth. It should be noted that other interpretations of Pakals headstone exist. The most notable one, perhaps, is the notion that when viewed from the side (with Pakal roughly upright and facing to the left) it can appear as if he is operating the machinery of some sort. This has led to the Maya Astronaut theory which states that the figure is not necessarily Pakal, but rather a Maya astronaut piloting a spaceship. As entertaining as this theory may be, it has been thoroughly debunked by those historians who have deigned to justify it with any consideration in the first place.   Sources Bernal Romero, Guillermo. Kinich Jahahb Pakal (Resplandente Escudo Ave-Janahb) (603-683 d.C) Arqueologà ­a Mexicana XIX-110 (July-August 2011) 40-45. Guenter, Stanley. The Tomb of K’inich Janaab Pakal: The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque Lapida de Pakal, Palenque, Chiapas. Arqueologia Mexicana Edicion Especial 44 (June 2012), 72. Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. Grandes Hallazgos de la Arqueologà ­a: De la Muerte a la Inmortalidad. Mexico: Tiempo de Memoria Tus Quets, 2013. Schele, Linda, and David Freidel. A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1990.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Workplace mediations in cyberspace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Workplace mediations in cyberspace - Essay Example Bandwidth and connectivity speeds have been increasing. Parties in disputes are using technology to bypass the legal mechanisms or institutions (Armbrust 2000). The virtual platform is not only private but decentralized. This has enabled organizations develop a decentralized environment in the quest to develop dispute resolution mechanisms using cyberspace (Barrett and Barrett 2012). The participants of the cyberspace mediation are expected to develop a decision without involving the judges. The representation of multiparty disputes and other parties is not affected. Internet offers a platform for glass root information and development of information from the pluralistic nature of its architecture (Wang 2010). The applications within cyberspace make it possible to use enormous information from a variety of sources during the mediation process. The dispute resolution professionals are optimistic about the cyberspace mediation and the potential thereof (Hawk, Rieder, and Oviedo 2008). The development of a virtual dispute resolution mechanism is perceived to be the modern organizations’ highest aspirations (Barrett and Barrett 2004). The virtual architecture is expected to prove that mediators can use technology to resolve organizational issues within a short period (Armbrust 2000). This cyberspace mediation saves time and space. Research shows that virtual mediation shall cause organizations to invest in enhanced technology. This shall benefit other aspects about the operations of an organization (Breslow and Mousoutzanis 2012). Virtual negotiations eliminate travel costs and save money for the parties (Barrett and Barrett 2004). The mediators are said to be more effective in the digital platform given that the temperatures of the disputes appear to be low because of the geographical barriers. Numerous mediators argue that cyberspace mediations pose straightforward challenges (Doherty and Guyler 2008). However, the challenges are be overcome as a growing n umber of internet users get acquainted to online settings (Barrett and Barrett 2004). Critics argue that online communication and dispute resolutions cannot be a substitute to solving challenges while physically present (Breslow and Mousoutzanis 2012). This is linked to the values and attributes of communication during mediation. Many mediators argue that the fact that disputants are incapable of speaking is the reason for mediation (Armbrust 2000). The choice of using a digital platform which is perceived as slow and prone to breakdown is questionable (Hawk, Rieder, and Oviedo 2008). However, a growing number of organizations are targeting the global market and opening branches across the world (Gonc?alves 2008). The process of dispute resolution between to international branches or employees working in different continents has necessitated the use of technology (Barrett and Barrett 2004). The process of online mediation is said to ensure organizations or multinational operate as u nits despite the geographical barriers (Breslow and Mousoutzanis 2012). Online mediation offers better safeguards for caution and sensitivity compared to the conventional mediation (Breslow and Mousoutzanis 2012). The online mediums of mediation are lessening as a growing number of organizational or workplace activities become founded on technology (Armbrust 2000). The demands of the online platforms and the mediation process have advanced to the place of accepting online communications for exclusive transactions (Barrett and Barrett 2004). Technology has developed to an extent of replicating face-to-face interactions in comprehensive and inexpensive ways (Hartley 2007). Majority of participants in the online understand the dynamics and

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Langston Hughes and Walt Whitman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Langston Hughes and Walt Whitman - Essay Example Hughes is famous for writing about the ordinary lives of black people from the 20s to the 60s. Hughes claimed that his writings were influenced by Paul Lawrence Dunbar, W.E.B. Du Bois, Carl Sandburg, and Walt Whitman. On the other hand, Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819 in New York. Whitman worked as a printer, teacher, journalist, editor and during the war, he volunteered as a nurse in hospitals. His literary inspirations are Homer, Dante and Shakespeare. The era when Hughes became very popular was during the Harlem Renaissance (1918 to 1930) which was during the time when the Blacks were discriminated against. Being a Black himself, his themes were about social injustices against the Blacks and what it meant to be black, which earned him the title â€Å"The Black Poet Laureate†. Hughes also believed in socialism and became a member of the Communist Party. In contrast, Whitman’s epoch was during the Civil War. He witnessed the rise of the United States as a commerc ial and political power. He witnessed both the peak and the abolition of slavery. This is why the themes of his poems are mainly on the ideas of democracy, equality and brotherhood (SparkNotes Editors, par.6). With regards to writing style, both Whitman and Hughes use rhythm and repetition which creates a captivating quality of incantation. Both of them use anaphora, which is a literary device where several lines in a row begin with the same word or phrase. In Whitman, an example of this is his poem â€Å"When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer† (1865), where the first four lines each begin with â€Å"when†, as illustrated below: When I heard the learn’d astronomer; When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me; When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them; When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room, In Hughes’ â€Å"Let America Be America Againâ₠¬ , the first three lines begin with â€Å"let†. Let America be America again. Let it be the dream it used to be. Let it be the pioneer on the plain Unlike Whitman, Hughes’ poems are more pessimistic about the nature of America; but at the same time he offers a call to change, as can be seen in his poem above. The themes of Whitman’s works revolve around democracy as a way of life, the cycle of growth and death and the beauty of the individual. On the other hand, Hughes’ themes are based on his personal life, his travels, his involvement in radical and protest movements, his interest in Africa and South America as well as the Caribbean. With regards to the use of language, Whitman widened the possibilities of poetic diction by including slang, colloquialisms, and regional dialects, rather than employing the stiff, erudite language so often found in nineteenth-century verse (SparkNotesEditors, par.2). In contrast, Hughes language style incorporates rhythm ical language, jazz, blues structures, dialects and colorful verses. Hughes’ poetry is best read aloud because of its cadence. Whitman and Hughes are poets who were largely influenced by the political and social issues during their times. Their works goes beyond literature, crossing the boundaries of political and social content. Both the subject matter and language contribute to its aesthetic value. This is what made their poems more memorable and considered to be among the masterpieces of world literature. Work Cited â€Å"Poets.org. Guide to Langston Hughes.† Poets.org. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.poets.org/page.php/prmID/323 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Whitman’s Poetry.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 18 May 2011.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

English Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English - Coursework Example view is able to lend a certain degree of integrity to the story’s content because in a way, all the characters were given equal levels of attention. This is quite important because the story emphasizes the different struggles that each character went through and the third-person omniscient point of view is able to provide the reader with the opportunity to pick his or her own side. The short story that I wish to analyze is Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† The overall theme of the story generally revolves around freedom, and, more specifically, women’s search for selfhood, for self-discovery or identity. This theme is aptly symbolized by the open window, out of which Mrs. Mallard could see patches of blue sky, the tops of trees that were signaling a new spring life, and the many other wonderful things outside of her window. All of these things represented a â€Å"new life† for Mrs. Mallard who has been under the clutches of her husband for a very long time. While Mrs. Mallard was stricken with grief at the initial news of her husband’s death, she was able to look at the situation at a whole new light upon looking out the window. Thus, the open window that presented a view into an entirely new life without her husband’s repression represented Mrs. Mallard’s supposedly new lease at life. The difference between a poem and a short story is that a poem is more imaginative, as it is driven with words that create more spontaneous, intuitive responses, while a short story oftentimes depends on descriptive language and logical structure. In addition, a poem adheres to rhythm while a short story can be a static flow of words. For example, the following lines from Alexander Pope’s â€Å"An Essay on Criticism† is very rich in imaginative, metaphoric, rhythmic language while the lines from â€Å"A Father’s Story† by Andre Dubus are very literal and static. Hearing the poem â€Å"We Real Cool† recited aloud by the author herself, Gwendolyn Brooks, provided

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Effects of Age on Economic Growth

Effects of Age on Economic Growth 1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW People today, live longer and often healthier lives owing to advances in various areas. It is a challenge to maintain and plan longer lives. Societal ageing hampers economic growth and issues such as sustainability of families, the states and communities capacity to provide for older people. A quick look at the recent decline in fertility rates combined with increases in life expectancy and strong evolution from past fluctuations in birth and death rates depicts a really significant shift in the global age structure. So much so that by 2050, twenty two percent of the worlds population will be over the age of 60 or a figure reaching almost 2 billion compared to expectations for year 2020 of 1 billion. As for citizens aged 80 or above, statistics predict an increase from 1 to 4 percent. It is undeniable that a countrys economic character will tend to change as its population ages since different age groups have different economic needs and productive capabilities. These changes can be measured by assuming a certain age-specific behaviour in relation to earnings, employment and savings and to assess the implications of modifications in the relative size of different age groups for these main contributors to the national income. However this tends to be misleading in the long run. Normally, changing expectations about life cycle and demographic shifts are likely to entail behavioural changes and thereby influencing economic consequences of ageing. One good example is an individual who expects to live longer than his ancestors who will continue to work for longer and therefore start benefiting his savings at a later age. 2.0 WORLD AGEING SITUATION Rapid reduction in infant mortality rates coupled with a dynamic fall in the death rate has resulted in a sharp rise in the proportion of older people in the population. This phenomenon of ageing population is fast becoming a worldwide problem. In 1950 there were about 200 million people above 60 years old in the world. This figure has risen some 616 million in the year 2000 and is expected to rise to 1.2 billion in 2025. A majority of them, about 72% of the total, will be living in developing countries. The projections indicate that the demographic transition will proceed much more rapidly in developing countries than it did previously in developed ones. The continuing fertility decline in many developing countries today is faster than the gradual decline experienced by the currently developed countries. In the developing countries, therefore, the pace of population ageing will exceed the pace in the developed countries. For example, it took France and Belgium more than 100 years to double the rate of the population over 60 from 9% to 18%. In Mauritius, the same change will occur in only 25 years. 3.0 Mortality and Life Expectancy We are ageing not just as individuals or communities but as a world. There were almost 500 million People aged 65 and above across the world in 2006 and that number is likely to reach 1 billion by 2030. An increase in the ageing population is more significant in developing countries, which is expected to rise to 140 percent by 2030. For the first time in human history, children under age 5 will be outnumbered by people age 65 and over. Life expectancy is steadily rising and the number of oldest people aged 85 and over is increasing. Chronic non communicable diseases are now becoming the main cause of death among elderly in both developed and developing countries. Some populations are going to shrink in the next decades. In some countries, the total population is decreasing simultaneously with the increase of an ageing world population. The growth of a very old population can have the following implications: 1. Retirement money and pensions will have to cover a longer period of life. 2. Even if disability rates decrease, health care costs are going to rise. PROJECTED INCREASE IN GLOBAL POPULATION BETWEEN 2005 AND 2030, BY AGE 4.0 THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION AGEING 4.1 The importance of age structure. Economic growth may be influenced by changes in population age structure. To analyse age structure, a life-cycle perspective is adopted, based on peoples economic needs and contributions during the various stages of life. The ratio of consumption to production is higher for the young and old people and lower for working adults. The key drivers of economic growth such as labour, productivity, consumption and savings vary according to where people fall in the life cycle. Labour and savings are higher among working adults than among those aged above 60. Declining fertility and mortality rates during the past four decades have significantly changed the age structure of the population. There will be a 23% increase in the proportion of the elderly population. The proportion of the population aged under 15 is expected to decline to 19% in the next four decades. The population of the Republic of Mauritius will continue to age. Both past and projected ageing is illustrated in Table 2. The elderly population will triple in the next four decades to attain 332,000 with more women (184,000) than men (148,000). Table 1 presents a summary of the projections and gives the evolution of the pensioner support ratio for two cases, i.e age of retirement is 60 and 65 years. Table 2 gives the evolution of the life expectancy. Life expectancy was quite low in 1950 compared to the present level. Life expectancy has significantly improved over the past fifty years and is expected to improve further in the future. 4.2 Social Security Benefits Social Security benefits and public sector pensions are among the sectors that will certainly be affected by the ageing issue. Nowadays, the composition of social security benefits is two-fold, non contributory and contributory. Basic retirement pensions of the elderly and the elderly invalids irrespective of their economic status are non-contributory benefits wholly financed by government. The actuarial report on the National Pensions Fund has drawn attention to the fact that future increases in the number of pensioners will make the financing of basic retirement pensions an increasing burden on resources. The cost of basic retirement pensions rose sharply from about Rs 2.3 billion in 1999/2000 and is estimated to be Rs 3.5 billion in 2015 and Rs 6.4 billion in 2035. Examination of the implications of the projected strain on government resources is therefore becoming a high priority. Assuming that the rate of basic pension remains more or less the same, it should be noted that an in crease in pension age from 60 to 65 would lead to significant saving to the government in respect of basic pensions. Tax revenues may also increase as a result of employment continuing between ages 60 and 65 but there would be no financial impact on the NPF as a result of these changes. Welfare services such as long term care and any payment (other than from the NPF) to the elderly out of the state budget which are likely to increase faster than GDP in future are other examples of financial implications of ageing on state budgets. The ageing of the population will increase the financial strain on the state budget in future as follows: Basic pension expenditure (all of which is financed by general taxation) is projected to increase by 75% in some twenty years and to almost triple by 2040 if present pension rates are maintained. Expenditure from the NPF is projected to exceed contribution income by 2015. Part of the NPF expenditure will need to be met by investment income, most of which is derived from Government bonds or loans. In the absence of corrective measures, the investment income required to meet NPF expenditure would be derived largely from taxation. Expenditure on public service pensions is projected to increase by about 80% in real terms over the next 20 years, that is , from about 11/4% to 21/4% of GDP; Expenditure on healthcare and social services for the elderly can also be expected to increase substantially over the same period. To ensure that the state pension system remain financially sustainable in future, many countries are increasing the minimum state pension age. In Mauritius, the expectation of life at age 60 is significantly higher than when the current pension system was introduced. There has also been improvement in the health of the retired population aged 60 above, thereby enabling many of them to continue to work. Provided they have sufficient financial resources many people might decide to retire from their main occupation before the state pension age. In these cases it seems reasonable that the individuals or their employers finance the early retirement. 4.3 BUDGETARY MEASURES In his budget speech 2011, the Minister of Finance commented all our elders deserve to live in dignity. The wealth we are creating today, the prosperity we are enjoying also bear the indelible footprints of their hard work. They must get their fair share. The government of Mauritius is preparing for the challenges of an ageing population and ramp up its support for our seniors. The Mauritian population is ageing .It is a new trend with new implications for economic and social policies. The government must provide for the changing needs such as new patterns of consumption and greater demand for health care. The government wants to make of Mauritius a society that can allow its elderly to live the high quality of life that they deserve. It is essential that Mauritius is on top of the issues of an ageing population and formulate effective policies. The second measure relates to health care for the elderly. A carers strategy and Action Plan will be prepared to address all issues relating to the need of our elderly population for carers Services. Third, the NEF will leverage on the high level of women seeking employment to train women in the skills and knowledge required to give care to elderly people. The training will provide certification and allow them to register as professional carers with the Ministry of Social Security and be given a certified carer ID. Fourth, the Cite des Metiers will open a section dedicated to facilitate our seniors in their search for carers and other services. Fifth, a new recreational centre for elderly, costing Rs 120 million and with a swimming pool, will soon be inaugurated at Belle Mare. Recreational centres are being constructed at Pointe aux Piments and at Riambel. Sixth, a get together Programme is being set up to give our elders who live alone and are on social aid the opportunity to socialize around a hot meal once weekly. Seventh, the government is extending the additional monthly allowance for persons suffering from incontinence to bed-ridden beneficiaries of Basic Retirement Pension aged 75 years and above. Eighth, to protect more the seniors from normal and regular flu outbreaks and from pandemics such as the HINI virus, free vaccinations against flu are being extended to our elders aged 60 years and above. Ninth, the government will invest in two low floor buses for senior citizens for outings from the recreation centres at Belle Mare and Pointe aux sables. Tenth, government is increasing the amount of income tax exemption for lump-sum on retirement and severance from Rs 1 million to Rs 1.5 million. For elders who have toiled hard in the sugar industry, the government is amending the Sugar Industry Pension Fund Act to allow payment of benefits to exceed two-thirds of final salary. 4.4 Accounting Effects If age-specific behavior in respect of labour supply and savings were fixed, labour supply and savings per capita would decrease with a rising elderly share of the population. Keeping all other factors such as productivity and migration equal, this would imply lower growth in income per capita. Peter Peterson (1999), argued that, global ageing could trigger a crisis that engulfs the world economy and may even threaten democracy itself. Alan Greenspan (2003), former U.S Federal Reserve Chairman has stated that ageing in the United States makes our social security and Medicare programs unsustainable in the long run. The European Unions Economic Policy Committee (2010) is more measured in its assessment of the threat: The ageing of the population is becoming a growing challenge to the sustainability of public finances in the EU Member States. The increase of the ratio between the number of retirees and the number of workers will gradually increase expenditure on public pensions and health and thus creates difficulties on maintaining a sound balance between future public expenditure and tax revenues. The retirement of baby boomers and the increase in the share of elderly in the population will create economic and fiscal stresses on the second decade of the 21st century. These demographic developments, if not offset by changes in household behavior and government fiscal policy, will reduce the number of workers in relation to the population needing support and lower the national saving rate. The result will be slower growth in national income and consumption after 2010. Aging-related expenditures are one of the fastest growing components of government expenditures. Over the next 40 years, the share of working adults will decline from 59 percent of the population to about 56 percent. The share of older adults (65 and over) will increase from just over 12 percent to almost 21 percent of the population. The higher costs of supporting these retirees will be offset partially by lower costs of supporting children, as the share of the population age 19 and under will drop from 29 percent to just over 23 percent 4.5 Future Labour supply After 2010 the population between ages 20 and 64 will decline and the percentage of people over age 65 will increase dramatically. These changes reflect the short run effect of the ageing of baby boomers while the long-run effect of reduced fertility and increased life expectancy. If labour force participation rates in each age group remain the same, the ratio of workers to retirees will decline sharply between 2010 and 2030. A decrease in the share of workers in the population means that, if all else remains the same, output per capita and living standards will be lower than they otherwise would have been if the share of workers had remained stable. The change in age composition of the population will reduce the share of workers and increase the share of dependent elderly. The increase in experience associated with an older workforce will raise average earnings and productivity per worker. With better health and increased life expectancies, one can expect individuals to work longer. As shown in Bloom, Canning, Mansfield and Moore (2007), the response to rising life expectancy is to increase the number of working years and the number of years in retirement proportionately, without changing period-specific saving behaviour. While a large set of factors such as increasing demand for leisure, general increases in wealth and difficult labour markets have contributed to low labour force participation among the elderly, social security systems have undoubtedly been a key reason for the continued low labour force participation among the elderly. Even if individuals decide not to work longer, increased life expectancies can be expected to induce increased savings over the working life in order to finance a continued high standard of life in retirement. As the elderly are healthier, they can work longer and more productively and place fewer demands on public resources. Businesse s can play a role in encouraging older workers to continue working, and they can in turn benefit from such workers experience and reliability. Allowing flexible schedules, offering ongoing training in new skills, providing wellness programmes, and re-allocating physically demanding tasks to younger workers are measures that can help retain the older segment of the workforce. 4.6 Consequences for Living Standards Labour supply adequacy is one factor influencing standard of living of the population. It refers to the ratio of the quality-adjusted workforce to the total consumption needs of the population. But not all people have equal consumption needs. For example, the government spends much more per capita on the over-65 population than it does on other age groups. Demographic trends will have adverse effects on economic growth after 2010, due in large part to the slowdown in the growth of the workforce and the increase in spending on age-related government transfers. But the effects do not appear to be catastrophic. The economy will continue to grow, even at a slower rate. Capital will increase considerably, even though lower national savings rate, as a smaller workforce requires less capital. Individual and population ageing are not gender neutral. Womens entitlement to goods and services over time is closely related to their work history, pension, property and inheritance rights. Old women generally occupy a precarious economic position, as they have accumulated fewer financial reserves than men, have fewer assets of their own and, more often than not, experience a weakening of their control over the family assets with the death of the husband. Poverty is a real threat to women as they get older. It is therefore imperative that any financial and social scheme developed to care for an ageing population should include targeted policies for the support of the elderly women. 4.7 Theories of Saving One of the most important theories of saving is the life-cycle model (LCM), which predicts that people will save in order to translate their fluctuating levels of income into smooth paths of consumption. Consumption implies that households borrow when young, save when middle-aged, and spend savings, or dissave, when old. The life-cycle Model assumes that people by death would have consumed all their wealth and that people have unlimited access to capital markets at a single interest rate paid by borrowers or received by savers. Given these assumptions, the pure LCM implies pronounced differences in annual saving rates by age, with consumption fluctuating with changes in permanent income but not transitory income. The private sector of the economy will account for a larger share of the nations saving in the future. Maintaining private saving in the face of potentially increased public dissaving will be critical for continuing future economic prosperity. While changing demographic may increase private saving, the government should also create appropriate incentives for private saving. 4.8 Influences on Public Savings Public saving is what is left of taxes after subtracting transfers, interest paid on government debt, and government consumption. Public saving is also government investment minus the budget deficit. Future public saving will be affected by the ageing of the population because major government transfer programs-social security and the health programs (Medicare and Medicaid)- disproportionately benefit the elderly. Danziger et al. found that the elderly not only do not dissave to finance their consumption during retirement, they spend less on consumption goods and services than the young at all levels of income. Moreover, the oldest old save the most at a given levels of income. At the same time, while their human capital and private pension wealth is being depleted, especially at the most advanced ages, the elderly face a complex problem of uncertainty about their health, life expectancy, and ability to maintain independent households. In these circumstances, they reduce their consumption to maintain their wealth. The problem of population ageing, which is a consequence of fertility decline, has become the new bÃÆ'Â ªte noire of development, replacing rapid population growth, a consequence of high fertility. It is ironic that population ageing and rapid population growth are two faces of the same coin: fertility. Both population growth and ageing have an adverse effect on savings, it is argued, as the young and the old are more consumers than producers, and thus dependent on the working population. The orthodox debate not only ignores the positive contribution that the old could and do make to the economy, but also fails to recognize the fact that there are other sections of the population, such as the unemployed, who are also supported by the working population. From a long term point of view, however, it is the working age and not just the working population that matters. Keynes and others argued that population ageing would reduce growth via its adverse impact on aggregate demand and inve stment, and not because of a higher tax burden and government expenditure on social security and pensions. The relevance of this approach to the current debate on ageing in its integrated view of the demand and supply or consumption and production implications of population ageing, in contrast to the orthodox approach which is primarily concerned with the consumption effects of ageing. The economic implications of an ageing population are intricately intertwined with the macroeconomic performance of a society over time. At the macro level it is the current output that has to pay for the subsistence of the population, young or old, at working age or retired. The current output, however, depends in part on past savings and investment. In other words the work and savings of the present generation provide subsistence and employment for the present as well as for the future generation. The benefits of growing national income and increased productivity will not, however, be distributed equally among the old whose claim on the national income depends on their accumulated assets, including savings and pensions. An economy which distributes its assets and income unequally over its working age population carries such inequalities into old age, thus creating a differentiated group of old people. This has to be taken into account in the setting up of national pension plans in order to prevent hardship among those old people whose poverty when of working age prevented them from saving for their old age.