Library Learning Activities BIO 107 (ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY) Article

Essays on Simulating the Decentralized Processes of the Human Immune System in a Virtual Anatomy Model by Sarpe and Jacob Article The paper "Simulating the Decentralized Processes of the Human Immune System in a Virtual Anatomy Model by Sarpe and Jacob" is a great example of a biology article. Problem statement: the article discusses simulations that take place in the decentralization of processes of the human immune system as to be in a virtual anatomy model.   Processes in the human biological system can be explained using models of large systems. The research focuses on the physical perspectives of the immune processes of human beings. The complexity of the immune system has always been a challenge to explain without referring to the spatial distribution of organs that relate to it. The research has incorporated different prototypes into one simulation of immune processes (Sarpe Jacob, 2013). It has presented methodologies and modeling to depict a simulation system that is agent-based. The agents in the model include viruses, cytokines, and immune cells. In this case, the system interacts with its components in two different ways which include inside a lymph node and within the tissue.The variables in the research are factors that make up the immune system. There is a clear description of how agents of the system interact. The research finds that agent-based simulations relate to the current simulations on human body immunity. The resear ch has proved that the model can be used to demonstrate how connected simulations occur (Sarpe Jacob, 2013). The situation can be prevented through the use of a network of computers. The research will have a positive impact on my profession. The model can be used as a tuning technique on the study of the immune system to help in understanding the processes. It would help in advancing the understanding of the immune system of the human body.

Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations. Free Essays

Question: – Review idealism and realism in international relations. Introduction When studying international relations as an academic discipline studying about Idealism and realism is a major concern. These two approaches are used widely when it comes to decision making procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations. or any similar topic only for you Order Now In idealism the decisions are made using ideas. Institutions such as League of Nations, United Nations as well as Local organizations like Organization of African Unity are developed according to the idealist tradition. This was introduced as a educational thought in 400 BC by Plato. He thought that the humans could be improved from within by correcting their thoughts and discovering knowledge already lies within since birth. The more perfect our ideas are the better we can serve the world. In realism world politics are driven my competitive self- interest. This further details that all states operate under as the greatest factor in causing nations to diverge from morally guided behaviour. Until World War II the actual theory of realism did not came about. Realism theory has been introduced from historical writers such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Thucydides and Sun Tzu. But Hans J. Morgenthau and E. H. Carr are considered most instrumental in establishing the tenets of classical realism theory in modern age. This theory differs from all considerations of legality and moral guidance from state policy that holds that all states are capable of violating laws if there is any necessity to advance their interests and power. These two different theories created a significant change in International Relations all over the world. Most political, economical decisions are taken by using Idealism and realism as reference to analyze and understand the facts. Idealism Idealism is a term applied to any idea, goal or practice considered to be impractical. As examples entrusting international security to the UN, creating an African union on the model of European Union, global eradication of poverty and injustice, etc. can be pointed out. Idealists usually rest on a pessimistic perspective towards human nature along with an historical judgment to achieve a change in world affairs. Idealists emphasize the power of reason. They strongly believe in the effectiveness of ideas. Through this they see the possibility of establishing a political system rimarily on morality. This will lead the humans to remove their selfish ideas and helps to build a nation that forms peace, prosperity, cooperation and justice. When a person looks at war in an idealist view, it can no longer be considered by anyone as a suitable way to achieve goals. It is because it affects both parties severely. Former President of the United States of America Woodrow Wilson is cons idered to be one of the key founders of Idealism. He presented the â€Å"Fourteen points† proposal that was contained on his speech to a joint session of congress on 1918. The address was intended to assure the world that the Great War (World War I) was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. One of the most well known outcomes of Idealism is the democratic Peace Theory. This states that similar modes of democratic governments do not clash each other. As an impact of Idealism on International Relations Organizations like League of Nations. This was resulted in the covenant of the League of Nations with 42 original members. But this was ineffective because it had no power to enforce its decisions and issues in security. Due to these reasons the league was dismantled in the year 1940 but it had served as a model for the United Nations. Following the failure of League of Nations and the outbreak of the Second World War, descendent theories like Liberalism and Neo-conservatism were created. Through Liberalism organizations like United Nations, NATO, International regimes like Bretton Woods System were built. Neo-conservatism was drawn from Liberalism and focused more on universal values such as Human rights, democracy, free trade, minority protections etc. nlike other theories Neo-conservatism is willing to use force if necessary to push for its goals. Realism This is a theory that world politics is driven by competitive self- interest. It implies that realists see that humankind is self-centered and competitive. Also they believe that the principal actors in the international system are sovereign states. The basic assumption of Realism is that man is wicked, aggressive and bad and also state struggles for power. This implies that realism possesses a pessimistic, negative and a suspicious behavior. This was originated after the Second World War. But its primary assumptions were noted in its earlier writings. People like Thucydides, Sun Tzu, and Otto Van Bismarck can be pointed out as examples. It began as a wide field of research after the war. People like Hans J. Morgenthau, Carl von Clausewitz are considered as the modern thinkers of the classical realism. This theory has been associated with thinkers like Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Hans J Morgenthau described about six principles of Political Realism. 1. Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. 2. The main signpost of political realism is the concept of interest defined in terms of power, which infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics, and thus makes the theoretical understanding of politics possible. Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of statesmen. Political realism avoids reinterpreting reality to fit the policy. A good foreign policy minimizes risks and maximizes benefits. 3. Realism recognizes that the determining kind of interest varies depending on the political and cultural context in which foreign policy is made. It does not give â€Å"interest defined as power† a meaning that is fixed once and for all. 4. Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action. Realism maintains that universal moral principles must be filtered through the concrete circumstances of time and place, because they cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation. . Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe. 6. The political realist maintains the autonomy of the political sphere; he asks â€Å"How does this policy affect the power and interests of the nation? † Political realism is based on a pluralistic conception of human nature. The political realist must show where the nation’s interests differ from the moralistic and legalistic viewpoints. How to cite Review Idealism and Realism in International Relations., Essay examples

Interview Analysis for Transactional Model of Communication

Question: Discuss about theInterview Analysis for Transactional Model of Communication. Answer: Introduction: Patient interviewing is a very important aspect of care planning, and active listening, questioning and body language are three factors that have a profound role on the success of the interview process. Patient interview is the segment of care delivery, where the foundation of patient-nurse interaction is established which helps the nurse and the patient develop a therapeutic relation throughout the course of care delivery and facilitates better health outcomes for the patient as well. It can be mentioned that patient interview is the primary tool that helps the nursing professional to obtain comprehensive data (Blumer, 2012). Hence the importance of the initial patient interview is imperative and each and every graduating nurse should all necessary patient interviewing skills required. There are various theoretical underpinnings that define the needs and requirements for a patient interview to be successfully completed (Stoddart, 2012). This assignment will focus on three key aspects of a patient interview, questioning skills, listening skills, and body language, taking the aid of a interview constructed with a patient. The patient details will be fictitious to maintain the privacy and confidentiality of the patient. Active listening skills: According to the theory of patient interaction, while communicating for the first time with the patient it is very important to employ non-focusing open ended skills like active listening. According to the Fawcett and Rhynas (2012), interaction is seen as a pivotal part of the process, and especially for psychiatric nursing, the use of self and interaction is also viewed as a part of the therapeutic intervention to improve the health outcomes of the patient. Non-verbal communication is another very important aspect of the communication or interaction that a nurse can conduct with a patient, the non-verbal cues will help the nurse to calm the patient and provide him the communicational comfort to share personal issues and grievances. Active listening is a very important construct in the non verbal interaction, and according to the symbolic interaction as well, active listening is the construct that facilitates better understanding, enhanced trust and better communication as well (Stac ks Salwen, 2014). In the video, although I had been showing all nonverbal attributes of active listening, I failed to show verbal cues of active listening in many sections. I had asked the patient, May I know why you are here today? And the patient responded with I had a bit of back pain when I went to bed and even when I woke up I still had that pain, so I am came to see what I can do for my back pain. I responded with Mmm Hmm, so, Then I moved on to a completely new question with who is your next of kin? Now it had to be mentioned in this context that for the active listening to be effective for both parties, it is very important for the patient to be given indication that the nurse is actively listening (Barnlund, 2017). It is facilitated by reflecting on the information provided by the patient, paraphrasing the main points mentioned by the patient to confirm the information and giving him an indication that the nurse is listening. When the patient was providing key information regarding the back pain which was the primary reason for the patients visit to the facility, I did not summarize or reflect on the information provided to indicate my attentive listening to the patient and I neither responded with relevant questions to discover more information about his pain (Mendelsohn Lynch, 2013). My mistake could have had a detrimental impact on his perception of whether his suffering is being given any importance in the care process and it might lead him to question the efficiency of o ur care services. I would like to rectify this mistake by paying extra attention on reflection and summarization of key information provided by the patient during interview assessments. The mistake can be found in segment of the video from 1.10 minutes. Questioning skills: Questioning is another very important aspect of patient assessment and interviewing and it provides the nursing professional with the opportunity to extract relevant information regarding the issues and grievances that the patient is feeling. Questioning skills is also extremely important in the context of collecting cues and patient situational analysis, without the nurse interviewing the patient having adequate questioning skills it will not be possible to assess the exact physical and psychosocial issues that the patient has been going through. During the entire video, I had been making a few question structuring mistakes which can be due to my ethnic background and limited English proficiency. I had asked the patient, how is your urine.bowels movement? The patient responded with Yeah, it is good. Yeah yeah. Later I followed with the question, There is no problems with the bowels..or urinary? the patient responded with No, no. I would like to mention here that I had stuttered a few times during the entire procedure and I had serious issues with structuring the questions as well. According to the theory of verbal communication, it is very important for the questions to be open ended, engaging and well structured to be able to extract the adequate and functional response from the patient. Stuttering and mistakes while framing the questions can act as detrimental factors leading to miscommunication and misinterpretation (Silverman, Kurtz Draper, 2016). According to the Cleary et al. (2012), the impact of miscommunication and misinterpretation during the patient interview or assessment can lead to misdiagnosis and can impart harm to the health and wellbeing of the patent. However, I would like to justify that I am not a native English speaker and hence constructing proper questions in English while carrying out a conversation is a challenge for me. I would like to rectify my questioning skills by enhancing my English language proficiency. According to the theory of culturally competent communication, language proficiency can act as a very important factor in deciding the success of the communicational tactic (Fawcett Rhynas, 2012). I will attempt to join a few classes and course schedules that will help me gain better understanding of the language and be able to communicate with the patients effectively. The mistake by me was done at 3.50 minute of the video. Body language: A discussion on non verbal communication is incomplete without emphasizing on the concept of body language. According to the most of the communicational theories, the importance of the body language is crucial. For a patient to share their concerns and issues freely with the nursing professional, their body language needs to be warm and welcoming. Along with that, it has to be mentioned in this context as well, that compassion and empathy is two key constructs of holistic and patient centered care. Hence, in case of the interviews as well, there is need for a compassionate, attentive and empathetic approach of the care professional for the patient to feel comfortable enough to share their grievances and individual issues without any conflicts. In the video, I had tried my best to maintain a compassionate yet professionally engaged body language while assessing the patient. I asked the patient, How bad is your pain? If you had to score 1 to 10, and 1 is the least and 10 is the worst, how would you score in between? The patient said, I would say seven. I said, Seven out of ten? The patient said, Yeah I stated, That is a lot of pain In here, throughout the course of the patient expressing how bad the pain of the patient had been I failed to maintain eye contact. Along with that I failed to show any reassuring gesture or compassion to the pain that the patient had been feeling. Furthermore, I mistakenly took a very condescending tone while trying to respond to the excruciating pain that the patient had been feeling and it might have upset the patient or made him feel less valued and insecure (Cienki et al., 2013). The importance of a welcoming warm smile and thorough eye contact is a very important aspect of patient-nurse interaction and the lack thereof can lead to damaged communication outcomes for the patient. In the near future I would like to rectify the mistake that I have made by exploring different theories of nonverbal communication and body language. One theory that can be very helpful is the theory of symbolic interactions which emphasizes on nonverbal cues of effective communication, where body langua ge is in integral part (Rock, 2016). I had made a mistake near 4.36 minute of video. Conclusion: Patient interview is the pioneer step, based on which the entire construct of nursing care planning and delivery takes place. Patient interaction is imperative in nursing care; the importance of patient interview is not just limited to gathering the subjective and objective data regarding the patient situation, but it is also a potent tool in laying the foundation of a mutually respectful therapeutic relationship with the patient as well. This assignment had been an excellent opportunity for the student nurses like myself to gain a fundamental understanding of the concepts of patient interviewing and assessment. It has to be understood that nursing is an empirical domain, while theoretical knowledge is extremely necessary for us to gain a expertise on the care planning and implementation procedure, the understanding patent need and requirements comes only from the experience. One of the greatest segments of patient centered care is the patient assessment and this assignment gave us t he perfect opportunity to experience the impact of different communication skills, both verbal and nonverbal, and helped us identify our flaws and drawbacks, so that we can attempt to rectify our errors and enhance our communication skills. References: Barnlund, D. C. (2017). A transactional model of communication. InCommunication theory(pp. 47-57). Routledge. Berman, A. C., Chutka, D. S. (2016). Assessing effective physician-patient communication skills:Are you listening to me, doc?.Korean journal of medical education,28(2), 243. Blumer, H. (2012). Symbolic Interactionism [1969].Contemporary Sociological Theory, 62. Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., Teendorf, S. (2013).Body-Language-Communication(pp. 310-319). C. Mller (Ed.). de Gruyter. Cleary, M., Hunt, G. E., Horsfall, J., Deacon, M. (2012). Nurse-patient interaction in acute adult inpatient mental health units: a review and synthesis of qualitative studies.Issues in Mental Health Nursing,33(2), 66-79. Fawcett, T., Rhynas, S. (2012). Taking a patient history: the role of the nurse.Nursing Standard (through 2013),26(24), 41. Mendelsohn, D., Lynch, T. (2013). Listening. InAn introduction to applied linguistics(pp. 190-206). Routledge. Rock, P. (2016).Making of symbolic interactionism. Springer. Silverman, J., Kurtz, S., Draper, J. (2016).Skills for communicating with patients. CRC Press. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014).An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge. Stoddart, K. M. (2012). Social meanings and understandings in patient-nurse interaction in the community practice setting: a grounded theory study.BMC nursing,11(1), 14. Weger Jr, H., Castle Bell, G., Minei, E. M., Robinson, M. C. (2014). The relative effectiveness of active listening in initial interactions.International Journal of Listening,28(1), 13-31.